Current applications of nanotechnology in medicine and its future Essay

Current utilizations of nanotechnology in medication and its future potential - Essay Example This suggests nanotechnologies are progressively discovering true usage. Stephen imagines nanotechnology as having the capacity to significantly impact numerous fields including the pharmaceutical business; this is additionally obvious as per AAAS, which contends that the science in the territory of nanotechnologies ‘is exploding’. In that regard, this infers there is huge headways being seen in the field of nanotechnologies by and large and there considerably more noteworthy potential for creative utilizations of nanotechnologies both in the close and far off prospects. Bhushan predicts that nanotechnology vows to affect the economy and society as a rule, more than even data and semiconductor advancements, or cell and sub-atomic science could possibly do. A similar position is taken by AAAS, which limits further to specific applications and contends that â€Å"the study of incredibly little materials’ is going to yield extraordinary advantages particularly in ma lignant growth diagnostics, imaging, just as treatment that would at last achieve the time of customized medication. Additionally, Bhushan features the particular zones that are set to profit seriously from the utilizations of nanotechnology including materials and assembling, Nano-hardware, medication, social insurance, vitality, biotechnology just as data innovation and national security.

Health Care Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social insurance Management - Research Paper Example Visit readmissions happen because of issues identified with interminable diseases, which are preventable. This article will give an audit of a chose clinic related with issues of E.R (crisis room) packing and regular readmissions. In medicinal services the board, there is an insignificant number of people who use clinic crisis office benefits over and over and extraordinarily (Hall, 2008). This additionally remembers for persistent administrations which act like, their essential wellspring of medicinal services. The absolute most basic issues identified with visit clinic readmission incorporate ceaseless ailments, psychological maladjustment, substance misuse and vagrancy (Ken, Young and Spillane, 1998). Despite the fact that, these patients are not many, they add to an enormous level of clinical consideration expenses and abuse of meager emergency clinic assets for conditions that could share been forestalled or treated for all intents and purpose cultural settings. These intermitte nt clinic care clients advance blockage in the crisis unit consequently prompting higher social insurance costs for every person. Show ventures and research completed by emergency clinics, neighborhood governments, non-administrative associations and network associations affirm that visit medicinal services clients can be upheld in a progressively proficient manner dependent on case the executives (Kirby, 2010). This administration can guide them to a reasonable essential clinical consideration, lodging and other network based administrations. Favorably, the administration is financially savvy and improves abuse of medicinal services assets for their whole society. The case the board administrations are prudent and mechanically entangled (Richardson, 2009). Through examination and research, patients noted to utilize these administrations plainly diminished their reliance on utilization of ambulances, crisis offices and emergency clinic in-quiet administrations (Richardson, 2009). Mo st continuous clients show decreases in the misuse of these open administrations among others. The legislatures in various states have strived in meeting the prerequisites of continuous clients by not overstretching the augmentation of the state administrations (Byrne, 2003). Many state authorities have thought of the possibility of a recipient framework whereby the incessant patients are set as recipients of the framework. They get freely financed wellbeing administrations which are somewhat costly. Distinguishing and tending to necessities of these regular clients ought to be a segment of accomplishing more extensive wellbeing arrangement objectives. Improvement of human services protection inclusion must incorporate fitting administrations for these continuous administrations (Hall, 2008). The necessities of the successive clients can be improved further through quality improvement programs. This will help decrease inconsistencies brought about by clinical dependence on the overb urdened crisis rooms (ER), along these lines making livable urban communities that react to other outstanding populaces like the veterans (Ken, Young and Spillane, 1998). This guarantees the successive patients get improved social insurance through this improved medicinal services framework. Various examinations directed in the wellbeing field show that the correspondence factor has contributed to a great extent to visit understanding readmissions in many medical clinics. Absence of correspondence interfaces between patients, emergency clinics, suppliers and talented nursing offices (SNFs) is the most widely recognized reason identified with visit medical clinic readmissions (Richardson, 2009). A model is the examination completed of readmission instances of patients with incessant obstructive pneumonic sickness (COPD). The outcomes

[HOW TO] Get More Clients Market Or Sharpen Your Skills

[HOW TO] Get More Clients Market Or Sharpen Your Skills Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now![HOW TO] Get More Clients: Market Or Sharpen Your Skills?Updated On 23/04/2017Author : DanielTopic : Business FeaturedShort URL : http://bit.ly/2oznyAA CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogI don’t have any clear evidence that the global economical crisis has passed or it is still a present state but overall it has some positive effects. One of the positive fact related to the crisis is the fact that people noticed that it isn’t enough to strive for efficiency, we really must be more efficient. It’s a real sin to waste time and money just because of poor organization, therefore anyway and anytime a better approach to the available resources is welcomed. Not very long time ago, freelancing was in pioneer phase while nowadays it became interesting. Much more, there are agencies that instead of paying a huge rent for a decent office decided to let the employers work fro m home. Many specialists still consider that people that work for a bigger project should stay in the same office in order to get very good results. Nevertheless, the online communication substitutes very well the face-to-face dialogue between individuals, and most important, the money for rent, for transportation and for other additional costs are totally cut.These transformations influenced even the web design community and the approach of web design services. In this “jungle” only the best web design agencies and the most competitive freelancers manage to survive. The good news is that anyone that does real quality works has enough clients on his plateau. The actual climate highly influenced the entire society, but there are enough influences even at the “micro-level”, at the individual stage. It became obvious that any designer should be different, he should stay apart from others in order to be distinguished. Briefly, the idea is simple: it is not enough to be an expert , you should be the best!Well, I think that everyone agrees with this idea but how can one practically be a very good designer and how can one be famous in order to attract clients? How to create buzz around your projects and of course, how to be respected by the community? In my humble opinion, I consider that there are two main solution:Permanently sharpen your skills.Permanently market your skills.The www evolves faster and faster and the designers should keep the same rhythm; the term “permanently” is purposely added to reflect the perpetual changing state of the Internet. Which one is more important…? There is a hot debate: some people say that a good designer doesn’t need any advertising or a marketing strategy while others believe that marketing is in fact a design skill and are exalting it. Paradoxically, the crisis gives us a hint: sharpening and marketing your skills are not in opposite relationship, these are complementary. Yep, it’s not enough to create amazing infographics and keep these on your hard drive to be catalogued an excellent infographics designer. The works must be uploaded on various galleries and promoted. The launch of a portfolio is another fact that helps in marketing a designer’s skills. Unfortunately, just marketing your poor creations and making a lot of buzz around them is not a solution…it’s an embarrassing situation. The in between solution is the best choice: a designer should stay updated to the latest news and techniques and, at the same time, he must let people enjoy his latest creations.1. Permanently sharpen your skillsShould you really permanently sharpen your skills? The beauty of design is unique, the rules of good design are unchangeable, so why should a web designer sharpen his skills?It’s true, the beauty of design is unique and a good design is timeless but as I said previously the Internet is evolving and users are constantly asking for better results and more useful features. In our days, it i s enough to ignore any news in the design field for only a few months, and you will turn into an outdated web designer. The gadgets (tablets, smartphones, smart TV sets) are the ones that complicated the modalities of making the websites but who knows what will be the future items that will give birth to a new web design revolution? I think the real matter is not why one should permanently self-prepare, it is how to sharpen one’s skills?a) The “old” method: take some design coursesThere are web designers that graduated design schools but another part of web designers simply learn by themselves how to create wonderful creations. No matter which category you belong to, a design course is always recommended…surely you will learn something new or it will represent a good refreshing of the basis.b) The online methodThe Internet is the best teacher and every designer should benefit from it. Personally, I believe that reading the posts of some web design related blogs is mandatory if you indeed care about the future. In addition to the novelties, many posts explain various techniques that every designer may follow…i.e. the Photoshop tutorials are a very good method of learning new and useful techniques.I think that there is nothing new and outstanding for you… practice is more difficult, isn’t it?2. Permanently market your skillsThe most challenging fact isn’t how to sharpen the skills, the biggest issue is how to effectively stand apart from other designers. During our studies, we learn Newton laws, but in our lives, we are ruled by the laws of Murphy. The consequence of these unfair rules is the fact that, in the majority of cases, not the best designers receive the best projects. Usually, the most “marketed” designer receives the best projects. On the other hand, don’t go the extremity and just spend all your resources to market yourself…you must have something to market, or else it is just a work in vain. Next phase: how to market?READUnde rstanding The Legal Issues Of BloggingMarketing is a deprecated term, the Internet flows with tons of experts that guarantee the success in just few steps. Well, even if it sounds extremely interesting don’t pay attention to these proposals. The success in everything on this world is proportional to the work and energy invested, therefore a good marketing requires amazing personal sacrifices and tons of sleepless nights. Nevertheless, some pillars assure the fundaments of a good marketing:a) A different portfolio and approachThe identity card of a designer is his portfolio, if you don’t want to exist, then don’t build one. If you don’t care about your career, then ignore your portfolio. Much more, there are no perfectly similar identity cards, therefore nor should the portfolios look the same. In order to wisely market the services offered it is highly recommended to create a portfolio exhibiting the best project in an original and pleasant manner. Personally, I think that a quality portfolio has three main features: first, the portfolio itself should be a wonderful online presence. Second, it should have an original approach, the visitors must be convinced that the designer is special and isn’t “another drop from the ocean of available designers”. Last but not least, the portfolio must exhibit your real skills. You can’t state that you are a very good WordPress expert as long as you don’t have a serious background in the domain.b) Offering giveawaysPeople are madly in love with discounts and giveaways and a good marketer knows it. Offering giveaways, apparently an unprofitable affair, is in fact a very smart idea. There are some advantages that are determinant in attracting new clients:Offering a free item, i.e. a WordPress theme, a snippet or a psd file to interested people, lets them make a better about the services provided.A quality giveaway instantly attracts other people and you never know when they will ask for your services.Across ti me, by offering giveaways, a positive halo is created around the designer and that in the end helps in creating a personal brand.Much more, the more people benefit from your giveaway, the more chances of being contacted/hired are. The best modality of letting more people enjoy your offer is to use the power of blogs and social networks. I guarantee that if you have something indeed qualitative to offer, the bloggers will happily publish a post about your proposal. You may contact some blog owners and ask for presenting your fresh release or you may use market places like SponsoredGiveaways.com. Be sure, by offering more, you will receive even more!c) Pro bono worksA designer working for a client project is restricted by some limitations due to the client requirements and most important, due to the specificity of the project. A pro bono project has the biggest advantage that has fewer restrictions and the designer may express his personal conception (but clearly, there are still some restrictions, each project should be created by respecting some elementary rules). Anyway, the idea is that being implicated in some pro bono projects is very important. There the designers get more freedom and in addition, people interested in their services you will appreciate this approach. It’s a common conception: the designers that practice pro bono activities are considered real specialists, and not just some designers that simply want the client’s money.d) TestimonialsI visited amazing portfolios that exhibit lovely projects and surely the designers behind are quite talented. In spite of that, they were missing a very important aspect: the testimonials from previous clients. Many designers consider that these may be missing and prefer to add more accomplished projects…well, this is wrong! The great majority of clients aren’t very interested in the state of web design and they need just a wonderful website and nothing more. There is no surprise, but many times, the c lients wrongly judge some projects. Paradoxically, sometimes, a client relies more on the opinion of the previous clients than on his own point of view, so why not let them know how satisfied the past customers were? Much more, the more important is a previous client, the more reliable is his opinion.As you see, marketing your skills and services isn’t an easy task but the overall work invested is many times recompensed. What do you think, will you sharpen more your skills and try to become more commercial? Or will you try a mixture of both? Please use the comment form and share your interesting perspective with us!IMAGE CREDIT: FEEDOUGH / 123RF STOCK PHOTOThis article is written by Daniel. He is one of the freelance designers at DesignArticleWriters. He works on different design projects like SponsoredGiveaways.com Marketplace to host or sponsor giveaways. Its for Bloggers who wants to earn money and Advertisers who wants to build buzz.

Odyssey and Odysseus Return Home - 1069 Words

The Odyssey Study Guide PART 2 – COMING HOME p. 928 1. In Book 13 how does Odysseus return home? How is he disguised? Secretly returns in a magically swift Phaeacian ship disguised as a beggar. 2. In Book 14 who does Odysseus go to first when he returns home? Eumaeus 3. In Book 15 what are we told about Telemachus? He seeks out old comrades of his father to see if he can learn of his whereabouts but is advised by Athena to return home. THE MEETING OF FATHER AND SON pp. 929-931 1. How does the swineherd treat Telemachus? He treats him as a long lost son returns and greets him with kisses and tears. How does Telemachus treat the swineherd? Calls him uncle and seeks him first upon his return 2. In lines 979-990 what important†¦show more content†¦What does Eurymachus say which proves he is quick-thinking and clever? He tries to bribe Odysseus into saving himself and others by offering restitution of wine and food and gifts of 20 oxen, gold and bronze 3. What two things has Odysseus done that makes it nearly impossible for the suitors to â€Å"fight their way out or run for it†? Had weapons removed and doors locked Is this a fair fight? 4. To what are Odysseus and his men compared to in lines 1293-1303? The dread shimmering gadfly; falcons sweeping down from their high nests to attach their prey 5. Does the suitor’s punishment fit the crime? Explain 6. What does this bloody scene add to the epic’s theme about the value of hospitality and about what happens to people who mock divine laws? In ancient Greece the suitors have mocked the divine laws of hospitality and are being punished for not valuing same ODYSSEUS AND PENELOPE pp. 944-947 1. Do you think the maid’s punishment fits their crime, or is it excessive? Explain. Either no, the ancient Greeks betrayal of loyalty was very serious; or yes, they were coerced by the suitors and shouldn’t have been held accountable 2. What is Penelope’s reaction to Odysseus’ return? She suspects a trick from the gods and decides to test him Why? 3. What test does Penelope give to make sure Odysseus is who he says he is? She tests him by insinuating that his/their bed has been moved 4. What was the process by whichShow MoreRelatedOdysseus Hero Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesorder to achieve. The book The Odyssey written by Homer reveals a story of a true hero. The main character is a man named Odysseus who displays hero characteristics throughout the book. Odysseus is a hero because he returns home with a changed perspective which reflects his heroic abilities, such as his bravery and dedication to return home. During the beginning of the story Odysseus has to make an impactful decision while also maintaining bravery. In the Odyssey Odysseus does not want to leave hisRead MoreDifferent Notions of Home Obtained in The Odyssey by Homer Essay example887 Words   |  4 PagesHome is considered to be this place where you live permanently with your family, a place of comfort. When a character or a human for that matter embarks on a journey all they really long for is to return home to their family and loved ones. Thus, their homecoming is an important aspect to heroes in a fantastic journey. In the Epic poem The Odyssey performed by Homer and in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey we are able to obtain these very different notions of home. The main protagonists of each workRead MoreSexual Fantasy Within The Odyssey1603 Words   |  7 PagesFantasy Within The Odyssey In the Odyssey, by Homer, Homer suggests that women can be seductive traps that prevent or delay men from reaching their goals. The women that Odysseus encounters on his journey home in The Odyssey all represent a different sexual fantasy figure in the eyes of a male, and serve as a distraction that he must work around. Although the three women that Odysseus encounters on his travels are desirable to him, the only thing that he wants is to get home to his devoted wifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey By Homer1192 Words   |  5 Pagesof that person. In â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer both Odysseus and Penelope each face their own hardships. Odysseus left his home for a ten year war and took another ten years to return home. Penelope after not knowing where her husband is, has had to deal with the suitors trying to win her over. They both use similar traits and characteristics to overcome their hardships, but the one thing overall that connects Penelope and Odysseus is their passion. Odysseus longs to get home to Ithaca and to his family;Read MoreAncient Greek And Roman Empires Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pagespoem The Odyssey, give some of the best ideas into life for the ancient Greek and Roman empires. Through analysis of these two works, some key similarities and differences of how both empires functioned are brought to light. During Odysseus’s travels and Cicero’s exile, both dreamt of nothing but being able to return home to the place they belonged. Calypso, who had been keeping Odysseus on her island for several years, in an attempt to get him to stay with her even tries to tempt Odysseus withRead MoreIn What Ways Is the Telemachy Important to the Odyssey as a Whole1553 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant to the Odyssey as a whole? What would the poem lose if these first four books were removed? Homer’s the Odyssey is the epic tale of Odysseus’ return home from the battle of Troy, yet we do not truly get to the hero in action until after we are drawn through the story of his son life in the absence of his father in Ithaka. In the first four books, we see how Telemachos, Odysseus’ son, matures and through his eyes Homer shows us the unrest and troubles of Ithaka without Odysseus’ presence.Read MoreCharles Frazier’s Novel has Differences in Contrast to Homer’s Epic937 Words   |  4 Pagesin contrast to Homer’s epic, The Odyssey. The works differ because the main characters have different family situations to go home to. Odysseus has a loving wife and son, while Inman does not know if the girl he loves will marry him. Even though the works can be proven different, Cold Mountain and The Odyssey can be compared. The works show how the main characters use basic essentials of life to help the characters return home. The character s’ strength to return home comes from food, help from othersRead MoreRough Draft Of The Odyssey By Homers The Odyssey716 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Odyssey† Rough Draft In â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer, Odysseus is on a journey home to Ithaca after helping the Greeks win the Trojan War. The â€Å"Hero’s Journey† by Joseph Campbell represents the difficult journey a hero must go on to defeat the â€Å"final battle,† meaning that he must overcome a really difficult challenge to complete his journey and restore the world. In â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer, Odysseus experiences significant events on his journey home to Ithaca which includes Entering the Unknown;Read More The Odyssey Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesjourney than Odysseus. This journey is called The Odyssey, written by Homer. It is an epic poem or story told of a hero name Odysseus on a 20-year voyage trying to get back home from the Trojan War. The great epic poem known as The Odyssey and attributed to Homer was probably first written down around the eighth century BC, but the origins of the ancient story in myth, legend, and folklore and art appear to be m uch older. Greek Epic Hero When you think about Greek Epic heroes, Odysseus will most likelyRead MoreEssay on Archetypes in the Odessey718 Words   |  3 PagesArchetypes in The Odyssey In Homers epic poem â€Å"The Odyssey† there are many archetypes, many of which were the origin of the archetype. An archetype is a character type, place, or symbol, every culture shares. In â€Å"The Odyssey† Homer uses archetypes to evoke meaning to the story. Some examples of archetypes in â€Å"The Odyssey† are the temptress, and the father-son conflict. In the story â€Å"The Odyssey† there are a couple temptress’. Two examples are Calypso and the sirens. In â€Å"The Odyssey† Calypso keeps

Homosexuality Essay - 3784 Words

Homosexuality No one knows exactly how homosexuality entered into human history. I would imagine that the practices associated with the erotic attraction of people to ones own gender have been around since the dawn of humanity. The earliest accounts of homosexual behavior seem to be found in ancient pagan religious practices. At least, the pagans included homosexuality in the worship of various gods. Whether the inclusion in worship was because the practice was already a part of the society-at-large or if the pagan worship introduced the practice is impossible to determine, although some understandings of Pauls writings argue for the latter. Human beings began to worship many gods very early in human history. These early gods†¦show more content†¦Male gods could plant seeds and were therefore seen as more productive than the female gods to some. When a man ejaculated his semen into another mans anus at the shrine, he was depositing more male power to the gods. With the additional strength of the semen of many men, the god could then insure a bountiful crop, a larger herd, and many children to care for the field. This practice grew into, not only forms of pagan worship, but also a means of supplying money for the temple. Catamites, boys and men who were exclusively used for passive anal sex, began to serve the temples. One must wonder whether boys were sometimes forced into this kind of sexual contact due to economic circumstances, much like their female counterparts. Women often survived only by prostitution since they were allowed no inheritance. Orphan boys may often have found themselves in the same predicame nt. Regardless, it was very early in human history that both male and female prostitutes were used in temple worship in order to raise funds for the temple, as well as support themselves. Homosexuality in Ancient Greece Greek culture is often promoted as the most accepting of homosexuality. To some extent, this may be true. The Greeks developed a hedonistic attitude toward the human body and sexuality. Although we may think of hedonism as lustful today, Greek philosophers wrote ofShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality : Homosexuality And Homosexuality1600 Words   |  7 PagesKendall Bridges Mrs. Vest English 12 10 April 2015 You Wouldn t Understand, You re Not Gay Homosexuality is one of the most sensitive and talked about subjects among society today. Heterosexuals keep their mouths open negatively about gays. Whereas homosexuals decide to keep their lips sealed on the subject. Most straight individuals are ignorant to the fact and the being gay is all negative. They make up their own minds to not understand what it is about. They discriminate homosexuals everydayRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Views On Homosexuality1022 Words   |  5 PagesHomosexuality is relating to or characterized by a tendency of a direct sexual desire toward another of the same sex. By this homosexuality is referred to as members of the same sex being sexually attracted to one another. The topic of homosexuality in religion and society has many sides. There are those who believe that it is a sin in God’s eyes according to the Bible, and there are those who believe that God and the Bible are not specific to homosexuals. It is a tough debate based on whether yo uRead MoreThe Issue Of Homosexuality And Homosexuality991 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I think people feel threatened by homosexuality. The problem isn’t about gay people; the problem is about the attitude towards gay people. People think that all gays are Hannibal Lecters. But gay people are sons and daughter, politicians and doctors, American heroes and daughters of American Heroes† (â€Å"Stacy†). In recent years, sexuality, specifically homosexuality, has become a large issue in America. Not to say that homosexuality is something relatively new, considering it was first noticed inRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Views On Homosexuality1447 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is one of the most controversial topics in the world today. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalyst had his theory on human sexuality and claims, â€Å" all human beings were innately bisexual, and that they become heterosexual or homosexual as a result of their experiences with parents and others.† Many people view it as a natural thing, but others think it is absolutely wrong and utterly a personal choice. The Bible, other religions, and the world all have different opinions on thisRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Effects On Homosexuality1455 Words   |  6 Pagesgenetic or environmental etiology of homosexuality can be modified by reading a text. The second was the causal effect of attributions on the controllability or non-controllability of homosexuality on the rejection of same-sex parenting. The sample consisted of 190 Spanish university students, 39 men and 150 women, around the age of 22 years. The data collection took place in March 2012. Researchers hypothesized that a heterosexual’s attitude toward homosexuality will be more negative if it is attributedRead MoreThe Debate On Homosexuality And Homosexuality1229 Words   |  5 PagesKirsten Brockhoff Panel Presentation Paper Christian Ethics October 20, 2014 Homosexuality Homosexuality is defined as, the sexual or romantic attraction to members of the same gender. A male who practices homosexuality is known as being gay. The word ‘gay’ did not originally have any connection to a sexual connotation. In fact, the word was originally express feelings of happiness or carefree attitude. It was not until the twentieth century that people used the term gay to indicate a sexual orientationRead Morehomosexuality1598 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Homosexuals are individuals that are attracted to the same sex, and its being accepted by many nations worldwide, and people are accepting and adapting the idea of it no matter the consequence even its on one’s self expense. Homosexuality in Today’s Society Everywhere around the world an individual meets different kind of people, no matter the age the race the ethnicity. And the beliefs people may have are not similar to one another, like the idea of homosexuals. HomosexualRead MoreHomosexuality : Homosexuality And Identity1311 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality has been a questionable topic discussed in the United States for years. Over the years, we have seen a growing studies regarding homosexuality. Homosexuality is becoming a question of science or morale. So, is homosexuality and identity or a behavior? Identity is defined as who someone is or the qualities, beliefs, etc., that make a particular person or group different from others. Behavior is defined as the manner of conducting oneself or the way a person or animal acts or behave.Read MoreHomosexuality And Its Effects On Homosexuality Essay1854 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, homosexuality--a sexual attraction that exists between members of the same sex-- has be en defined as a sin, a choice, an unwanted condition, a result of being frightened by women, and a type of mental illness (Murphy, 1992). The theories surrounding homosexuality can be classified into three broad categories: (1) pathology, indicating an illness or disease; (2) immaturity, signifying an irregular psychosexual development; and (3) natural variation, indicating homosexuality occurs naturallyRead MoreHomosexuality1494 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality from a New Perspective Sexuality means many different things to different people, especially sexuality of a homosexual nature. Everyone has their own personal ideologies about sexuality, many of which have been forced on us by mainstream societys portrayal of what of is right or wrong. Bersanis objective is to take these societal sexual idiosyncrasies and turn them upside down to reveal how he feels gay male sex should be. In Bersanis article, Is the Rectum a Grave?, he entertains

A Picture Of The Modern Day Father Figure - 2349 Words

Mikell Gentry Laura Godfrey English 102-41 December 7, 2014 A Picture of the Modern Day Father Figure . The quintessential Father figure of the early 20th century was characterized by being the main breadwinner and disciplinarian of the family. Although he viewed himself as a role model, he had very little involvement in the nurturing and caregiving of his children. However, as soon as this idea about the role of the father became the norm, it was already undergoing an immense amount of change. With the growing acceptance of feminist ideals, gender roles have become more neutral, and economic trends have brought higher levels of financial equality to woman over the years. Subsequently, contemporary parenting has begun to redefine the†¦show more content†¦In the recent Pew Research Center study, Growing Number of Dads Home with the Kids: Biggest increase among those caring for family, Author Gretchen Livingston claims that the main reason why many fathers stay at home with their children is either due to disability or unemployment, yet the fastest growing category of stay -at-home dads, increasing four fold since 1989, are dads who choose to stay home to take care of home and family (6). The Pew report statistics give a clear picture of how family dynamics have shifted in recent years, but it still leaves the question: why are more fathers choosing to take on the role of caregiver, rather than the more traditional role of breadwinner as did fathers in past generations? Like most sociological questions of this nature, the answer is complex. According to the academic journal â€Å"I Feel Like a Rock Star†: Fatherhood for Stay-at-Home Fathers by Catherine Richards Solomon, two of the main reasons fathers are choosing to stay home with their children these days include: their wives having higher earning potential, and the couples belief that one parent staying at home with the child plays a crucial role in the well-being of the family (7-8). While all of the parents in Solomon’s study valued the idea of one parent staying home, they held no distinction about what sex makes a better caregiver (Solomon, 9). Solomon herself writes â€Å"Although for

Developing Sustainable Medical Tourism Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Developing Sustainable Medical Tourism Industry. Answer: Introduction In todays competitive business environment, innovation and entrepreneurship are two essential components for the success and growth of an industry. Entrepreneurial innovation is the process of introducing something new or enhancing the quality of existing products (Crumpton, 2012). For this report, the innovation in Australian Medical Technologies and Pharmaceuticals industry is taken into consideration. Health care, Medical and Pharmaceutical are emerging sectors in Australia. There are various technology innovations, which are assisting in delivering effective care to the Australian people. In the 2016, the Medical Technology industry has been facilitated with the introduction of Point-of-Care Testing (PoCT) technology. This report includes the discussion about various aspects about this innovation in Australia. It comprises of the value proposition of this innovation in the country. There is the discussion about its target market and competitors. Moreover, it includes knowledge and capability development and business model canvas for the firm that has been implemented this innovation in the country. These technologies in medical and pharmaceuticals industry are meeting the current trends and building the future of Australian medical industry. For this report, the Point-of-Care Testing is considered as a recent innovation in Medical Technology and Pharmaceutical industry in Australia. Point-of-Care Testing is a testing that is performed at the time of consultation which enables the results to be utilized to make quick and informed decisions about the health and patient care. The year 2016 has been called as the year of Point-of-Care testing with two organizations such as Alere and Roche Diagnostics. By the end of the year 2016, the Australian patients are able to visit their health professionals, get tested and leave after ten minutes taking their test results (Australian Ethical Investment Ltd., 2018). This innovation is used to offer convenient, immediate and easy to use diagnostic testing to the people in Australia. PoCT is diagnostic testing, which is executed at the site of patient care. This testing is performed outside the labs. Some of 4Ps for this innovation is stated below; The organization is implementing a new innovation in its products and services. Under this innovation i.e. Point-of-Care, it will offer various services like testing for blood, urine and other analyses. It includes blood gas, blood glucose testing, urine testing, drug abuse testing, hemoglobin diagnosis, pregnancy testing etc. This innovation can be used to generate quick results of the above tests and examinations (Stephard, 2013). To offer this service, the organization incorporated different equipment and machine to deliver quick results of above-mentioned tests. In addition to this, it has hired the expert and technical expert employees to deliver the value of its innovation. It has designed the test in the nearby areas of patient and it does not require being permanent. For this innovation, the target market is the patients who are very ill and old and they cannot travel to in-office laboratory and hospital. Moreover, it focuses on the business professionals who are busy due to their work and they cannot go for testing. Point-of-Care Testing is transforming to the innovations in biosensors, smartphones, wearable devices and lab-on-a chip. The organization is entering into innovations by using updated technologies and equipment (Drucker, 2014). Technology advancement has made POC an integral part of health care. It was an incremental type of innovation as it has improved the delivery of health care and medical services. It was an improvement in the existing services and business. By the use of this new technology, people are able to take quick results of testing. Value Proposition The value proposition of a firm includes all the services that are offered to meet the needs and expectations of customers. There are several elements through which this innovation can create value to targeted population (Shalley, Hitt, Zhou, 2015). These elements are such as pricing of services, availability of Point-of-Care testing services etc. The value proposition of this innovation and competitive analysis of innovation is stated below: The target market for this innovation is the patients who cannot travel to hospital and in-office laboratory. In addition to this, it has targeted the rural people who cannot reach to the hospitals easily. This innovation is good for the market segment that wants to save money on their care testing and travelling expenses to reach hospitals. This target market is segmented by considering the needs and wants of these people. In the country, there are various hospitals which are located in distant location where rural people cannot be reached. Business professionals are also included in the target market as they do not have much time to visit the hospital for testing. Thus, it is good to adopt this innovation by targeting them (Gallagher, Ignatieva, McCulloch, 2015). The value proposition of this innovation is very effective as it has been implemented to generate immediate results so that required treatment can be provided leading to an enhanced economic and clinical outcome. To enhance the health outcomes through PoCT, it is essential to perform this with a quality framework. This innovation has offered value to physicians as well. Due to this, they are able to make clinical management decisions quickly and it can be led to enhanced safety and satisfaction to patients. By offering effective care and testing services, this innovation will be able to communicate its value to the targeted population (Osterwalder, et al, 2014). It will communicate its value to the customer by establishing different care centers in nearby areas of targeted customers. There are various other organizations, which have introduced this type of innovation in Australian Medical Technology and Pharmaceutical industry. One of the major competitors of Point-of-Care Testing is Multiplex Immunoassays that is cheaper than PoCT. Inclusion of molecular diagnosis in Point-of-Care has increased the cost of this testing. In the case of routine testing, cost of testing is the major consideration over its performance. There are various people who prefer to avail the traditional testing for their diseases. Indirect competitor of Point-of-Care setting is the traditional care, in which people prefer to visit hospital and consult with the doctors about their disease. This innovation is different from its direct or indirect competitors as the firm has developed various bionic devices. These devices are very small and matchbox sized that can provide on-the-sport testing and results (Drucker, 2014). They can monitor the adverse impact of medications also. Thus, there are various things which differentiate this innovation over competitors. This innovation may have threat of substitutions as people can visit health care professionals for testing and consultation. Proposal to Enhance Value Proposition For Point-of-Care Testing, competition is one of the serious threats as it can affect the operations and revenue generation of this setting in Medical Technology industry. In this industry, there are various other settings and services which are available to patients at cheaper rates. It is affecting services and labor at Point-of-Care settings (Webb, Dayal, 2017). This issue can become serious in the future, if new innovations will be entering in the medical industry for assisting the Australian patients. Historical pattern of testing is the biggest substitute for Point-of-Care testing. There are various people in the country which are unaware about this innovation. So, they prefer to go for this testing that is restricted to medical laboratory that involved in sending the samples from labs. Patients have to wait for hours and days for the test results. The organization should prepare its services by considering these facts and provide quick report for the tests. The organization should focus on availability of resources and pricing of care at Point-of-Care testing. The organizations can leverage on its value proposition to enhance competitive advantage. It can enhance its value proposition by engaging in effective promotion and advertising activities. To approach the targeted audiences, the organization needs to take the assistance of social media sites. The pricing of testing services should be affordable that will assist the innovation in gaining more competitive advantage over its competitors (Leutner, et al, 2014). It is hereby recommended that the organization should consider the changing trends and needs of customers for implementing its next innovation. In todays environment, the needs and demands of customers are changing with the trends and technology. The people will be seeking for more comfortable diagnosis and treatment. There are various children who are afraid of doctors and treatment. To deal with these issues, the organization should implement a new innovation i.e. Virtual Reality medical care. Virtual reality is generally considered as new form of entertainment so it can be used in different medical applications such as treatments, diagnosis and doctors training. It can enhance the medial and health care experience for the people. To treat the post traumatic stressed patients, virtual reality will be very good. The organization should develop different equipment such as 3D glasses, headsets, video screens etc. It can assist the doctors to treat the children with fun and entertainme nt (Ramlogan, Mina, 2007). No, it will not be incremental innovation as it is a new thing that will be implemented by the organization. The organization does not need anything new or creative that moves away it from current innovation. Both innovations are different and play different role in the medical technology and pharmaceutical industry. So, it does not need to destroy the Point-of-Care setting from its operations. Knowledge and Capability Development Knowledge exploitation is an important process for implementing any innovation and making it up to this point. The increased need for Point-of-Care and use of different technologies shows that the use of external knowledge has contributed to the innovativeness of this new invention and firm. To sustain this competitiveness, the organization needs to enhance the capability to make innovation effectively. This innovation has used both internal and external sources of knowledge. This capability can be increased by the use of IT resources which will assist in knowledge and information transfer and co-operation (Han, Lee, 2008). The organization has used updated technology resources to exploit the external knowledge and information to take positive outcome of this innovation. It has developed an effective communication process among all the employees and levels of management. In addition to this, the organization has conducted a market research to understand the innovations done by its c ompetitors. To exploit the internal knowledge and skills of its staff, the organization has conducted effective training and development program so that they can use their internal knowledge in the interest of innovation and organization. In this way, Furthermore, the company should develop a knowledge management system to exploit the external and internal knowledge for further innovation. Networking process in this system will enable the communication system and knowledge communities which assist the organizational units to discuss the new ideas and new medical services. By doing this, the firm will be able to enhance the effectiveness of Point-of-Care testing system. It will assist the organization in implementing incremental innovation in the industry of Medical technologies and Pharmaceutical. It should use the techniques and skills which are required to deliver the medical services and information to patients effectively (Ramlogan, Consoli, 2008). It will help the innovating firm to gain competitive position in the Australian industry. Business Model Business Model Canvas is the business model that is created by a firm, when it introduces new product or innovation. It assists the organization in generating significant revenues and profits from its innovating activities (Carayannis, Sindakis, Walter, 2015). For Point-of-Care testing, the organization has created an appropriate business model. It includes all the components which are necessary for the success of this innovation. This business model helped the organization in creating and capturing the value for this innovation of Point-of-Care testing. The below-table shows the business model for this innovation. It includes different blocks of business model. Key Partners Medical devices and therapeutic firms Government and public institutions Suppliers Innovation Partners Pharmaceutical development companies Equipment and devices suppliers Key Activities Encouraging people to avail the Point-of-care testing and services Establishing point-of-care settings in different areas of Australia Installing modern and small devices for testing and treatment Generating quick result for the diagnosis and tests Reducing the travelling time and money of patients. Value Proposition Use of updated technology and equipment To generate immediate results of medical diagnosis and testing To provide appropriate treatment to patients according to the test report To provide safety and overall satisfaction to patients Immediate clinical management decisions Customer Relationships Effective delivery of health care to patients Utilization of innovative techniques and machines for testing Good behaviour with the patients at Point-of-Care centre Pleasant procedure Time and money saving services Offering services without any complication Trained staff at centres Personal Contacts with the patients after testing and diagnosis Customer Segments People who want to save money on travelling Business professionals Older people, who cannot travel to hospital in distant location Rural people in Australia Both males and females Hospitals and clinics to get the details about patients Key Resources Fully trained and experienced staff at Point-of-care centre Testing equipment Machines Other technologies Funds received from public, institutions and government. Channels Advertisement and social media marketing Advertisement on website of organization Promotional Campaigns Sponsorships and events Ads in hospitals and clinics (Tideman, Simpso Tirimacco, 2010) Cost Structure Software and website developers for point of care setting Marketing and promotional costs Cost of purchasing equipment and required resources Technology installation costs Administrative and management expenses Advertising and promotional campaigns Staff salaries Costs of hiring and training of nurses and other staff members. Revenue Streams Public and government funds Subsidies and grants Small and medium Enterprises Hospitals and clinics Donations Profits and revenues from targeted market customers. Value Capture Value capture is the process of retaining the value that is provided in each and every transaction. It is very important for creating a positive image of innovation among targeted population. There are different components of business models which can be used by organization to capture value (Kohler, 2015). To implement this innovation, the organization will partner with different agencies and institutions (Galindo, Mndez, 2014). The major partners for Point-of-Care testing are medical devices and therapeutic firms, government and public institutions, suppliers, innovation partners, pharmaceutical development companies, equipment and devices suppliers etc. These key partners will help the organization in delivering point of care testing services to the patients. It will enable the organization in reducing the travelling time of patients. There are some key activities of this innovation which are performed for the implementation of value proposition and capturing significant value over it competitors. The key activities of Point-of-Care include motivating people to avail the Point-of-care testing and services, adopting new technologies for testing and diagnosis and generating quick result for the diagnosis and tests. In addition to this, the organization is engaged in reducing the travelling time of patients and saving their money. The organization aims to make the medical industry more advanced and innovative. This idea will assist the organization to grab the attention of people and capture the value for innovation (Dijkman, et al, 2015). The major resources for this innovation are fully trained and experienced staff at Point-of-care center, testing equipment, machines and other technological resources. The company has some financial resources which are received from public, institutions and government. It has managed all the resources in an effective way so that it can deliver a significant value to the customers. Cost structure of organization incudes all the monetary concerns while implementing any innovation. For the introduction of Point-of-Care, the major costs include; Costs of hiring and training of nurses and other staff members Software and website developers for point of care setting Marketing and promotional costs Cost of purchasing equipment and required resources Technology costs Administrative and management expenses Advertising and promotional campaigns Staff salaries In this way, this cost structure of organization includes different expenses and costs that it spent on introducing and implementing this innovation in Australia. Revenue Streams Revenue streams refer to the different ways, through which an organization can generate revenues and income. First, the company has made this innovation and promoted it by the use of effective advertising and marketing strategies. This assisted the organization in creating value among funders and public fund agencies. For this innovation, the organization is planning to generate revenues and value from public and government funds, subsidies and grants, small and medium Enterprises, hospitals and clinics, donations and profits and revenues from targeted market customers (Medhekar, 2017). The market segment for this innovation is wide so revenue generation will be good in this industry. The captured value can be used by the organization to generate the revenues from hospital and other clinical firms. It will be a loss for the firm, if this innovation did not capture any value. Without capturing value it will be unable to generate funds from banks and other fund providers. Conclusion Thus, the above report concludes that Point-of-Care is a significant and profitable innovation in Australian Medical and Pharmaceutical industry. The industry has become very innovative with the use of advanced technology. This innovation has assisted the people in getting quick results of their medical tests. In addition to this, it has assisted the organization in generating value among Australian population. The organization should implement any next innovation to gain competitive advantage in the Australian industry. Reference List Australian Ethical Investment Ltd. (2018). 10 Ground-Breaking Medical Technologies Emerging in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.australianethical.com.au/news/10-ground-breaking-medical-technologies-emerging-2016/ on 25 March 2018. Carayannis, E. G., Sindakis, S., Walter, C. (2015). Business model innovation as lever of organizational sustainability.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1). Crumpton, M. A. (2012). Innovation and entrepreneurship.The Bottom Line,25(3). Deakins, D. Freel, M.S. (2009).Entrepreneurship and small firms. US. McGraw-Hill College. Dijkman, R. M., Sprenkels, B., Peeters, T., Janssen, A. (2015). Business models for the Internet of Things.International Journal of Information Management,35(6). Drucker, P. (2014).Innovation and entrepreneurship. UK. Routledge. Galindo, M. ., Mndez, M. T. (2014). Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and innovation: Are feedback effects at work?.Journal of Business Research,67(5). Gallagher, D. R., Ignatieva, K., McCulloch, J. (2015). Industry concentration, excess returns and innovation in Australia.Accounting Finance,55(2). Han, H. S., J. N. Lee (2008). "Analyzing the impact of a firm's capability on outsourcing success: A process perspective. Information Management 45(1). Kohler, T. (2015). Crowdsourcing-based business models: how to create and capture value.California Management Review,57(4). Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R., Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2014). The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits.Personality and individual differences,63. Medhekar, A. (2017). Government policy initiatives for developing sustainable medical tourism industry.GSTF Journal on Business Review (GBR),3(3). Muhtaroglu, F.C.P., Demir, S., Obali, M. Girgin, C. (2013). Business model canvas perspective on big data applications. InBig Data, 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 32-37). IEEE. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G., Smith, A. (2014).Value proposition design: How to create products and services customers want. US. John Wiley Sons. Ramlogan, R. Consoli, D. (2008). Knowledge, understanding and the dynamics of medical innovation. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9112/1/MPRA_paper_9112.pdf on 25 March 2018. Ramlogan, R. Mina, A. (2007). Networks of knowledge: The distributed nature of medical innovation. Scientometrics, 70 (2). Shalley, C. E., Hitt, M. A., Zhou, J. (2015). Introduction: Integrating creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship to enhance the organizations capability to navigate in the new competitive landscape.The Oxford handbook of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Stephard, M. (2013). Point-of-Care Testing in Australia The Status, Practical Advantages, and Benefits of Community Resiliency. US. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Tideman P, Simpson P, Tirimacco R. (2010). Integrating POCT into clinical care. Clinical Biochem Review. Webb, T., Dayal, S. (2017). Building the wall: Addressing cyber security risks in medical devices in the USA and Australia.Computer Law Security Review,33(4).

Rita free essay sample

Background Information Educating Rita, written by British playwright Willy Russell, was commissioned by the Royal Shakespeare Company, and premiered at The Warehouse, London, in June 1980. The play went on to win the Society of West End Theatres award for Best Comedy in the same year. The play was adapted by Willy Russell into a 1983 award-winning film starring Michael Caine and Julie Walters. Setting The play takes place entirely in Frank’s office at a university in the North of England. The original play took place in the 1980’s but the script was revised in 2003 to be more generically â€Å"contemporary†. The Playwright I wanted to make a play which engaged and was relevant to those who considered themselves uneducated, those whose daily language is not the language of the university or the theatre. I wanted to write a play which would attract, and be as valid for, the Ritas in the audience as well as the Franks. We will write a custom essay sample on Rita or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Willy Russell, born and raised in a suburb of Liverpool, came from a working-class background. Some of his experiences in early adulthood are reflected in his play Educating Rita. Russell left school after completing only one O-level (comprehensive exams taken in the equivalent of grade 10) in English Literature and went on to become a hairdresser. At age 20 he returned to school and became a teacher. Echoes of all of these experiences, his working-class upbringing, leaving school early, hairdressing and later becoming a teacher, can be seen in Educating Rita, a play he wrote to appeal to people from a wide range of backgrounds. In many f Russell’s plays a philosophy is put forward that anyone is capable of change whatever obstacles may be in their path. Literary Elements Characters Frank Frank is a middle aged, middle-class English professor who has taken on the extra job of tutoring an Open-University student. He claims that this is to help pay for the copious amounts of alcohol he drinks throughout the play. It’s not clear if this is merely a joke or not. He i s disillusioned with the university environment, but is so closely identified with academia that he cannot imagine leaving. He claims he is a terrible teacher and is a poet who hasn’t written anything in years. Frank’s central conflict is that he can offer Rita the knowledge and skills she wishes to gain in her quest to change her circumstances and transcend her class origins; however, to do this he believes he will destroy the very characteristics that make Rita such a breath of fresh air. Frank is obviously charmed by Rita because she represents to him the very opposite of his own mundane, predictable and safe life. Frank’s fortunes in the play are closely linked with Rita’s progress – in a way, he deteriorates as she flourishes. He becomes emotionally dependant on her just as she is, initially, intellectually dependant on him; his dependence on her reflects his need to feel useful and influential when his guidance is no longer needed and Rita ventures out on her own, Frank is cut loose and his drinking spirals out of control. We can see that Frank is trapped by his class and circumstances and addiction, in some ways, as much as Rita is limited by her circumstances. In the final scenes of the play, as Frank prepares for his trip away from the university, we can imagine that he is about to embark on his own journey of self discovery and learning and it is Rita’s haircut that symbolically cuts him lose and prepares him for what is to come. Rita (Susan) Rita is a young working class hairdresser in her 20’s. She applies to study with the Open University; the OU was a very popular correspondence-based school in Britain that did not consider previous academic standing for admission. Rita’s real name is Susan, but at the opening of the play she introduces herself to Frank as Rita, a name she associates with a somewhat radical popular American author, Rita Mae Brown. This re-naming, along with some of her early comments to Frank, show us that she is painfully uninformed and passionately hungry for knowledge, and eager to reinvent herself. The knowledge she can get from Frank, she feels, will give her access to a world where she will be able to find greater meaning in her life. Rita says she has enrolled in school because she â€Å"wants to know†. She’s married and wants to â€Å"find herself† before beginning to have children, but her quest for knowledge is also a yearning for transformation and meaning. Rita begins the play as an interesting character because her persona is very deliberate. She hides her insecurity and her ignorance behind a brash facade of bravado. We can’t help liking her for her courage while at the same time we cringe a little at how transparent she sometimes is. Eventually Rita (who goes back to being Susan with everyone but Frank) becomes successful within the world of academia. She separates from her husband, quits her job as a hair-dresser, tries to change her accent and makes friends with some of the students on campus. She feels her transformation is complete – and because she associates Frank with her rough beginnings, she distances herself from him, and largely comes to conform to a somewhat stereotypical version of an academic intellectual. In the end, after Frank nearly drinks himself out of his University job, Rita returns, having found a balance between the brash, naive person she was and the intellectual she wished to become. Rita is often compared to Eliza in Shaw’s Pygmalion, but she possesses much greater agency than Eliza ever did. Rita finds a future with possibilities, whereas Eliza was still very much trapped by class and gender. Plot Structure Act I Act one introduces us to Rita and Frank and the rhythm of their relationship. Every scene takes place in Frank’s study. Most scenes begin with Frank working or drinking in his office, and Rita barging in. It is clear that she is a breath of fresh air in his life which seems predictable and staid. The power dynamic between the two characters in the first act remains steady. Frank possesses the stability and balance that Rita needs to be successful in her aim to get an education. Rita, full of energy and enthusiasm, lacks focus and discipline. She continuously veers off topic, more interested in expounding on her working class environment and quizzing him about his drinking and personal life than in really focusing on the texts he presents her with. Rita resists Frank’s attempts to bring her in line, but not without intelligence and wit. At the same time she manages to instil in him a certain degree of spontaneity and enthusiasm which we guess has been lacking in his life previously. At the end of the act the conflict comes to a head when Rita’s husband tells her to quit studying. She leaves her husband instead, and at this point makes the decision to apply herself fully to the academic world. Act II The opening scenes of this act are short and to the point. It is immediately evident that Rita’s determination is paying off. She is successful in her attempts to turn herself into an academic. Ironically, the more successful she is in this world, the less powerful Frank becomes. He is aware that he is going to become less relevant to her as time goes by, but this process is obviously painful for him. This culminates in scene three, when we find Rita in the office and Frank barges in the door drunk. We learn that Frank has been asked to leave the college. At this point we begin to see that Rita is surviving in the world of academia more successfully than Frank. While he has had an influence on her, she has also had an influence on him – through her eyes he has seen the superfluous of the world he inhabits. This realization seems to be contributing to his drinking as he makes a few disastrous attempts to let some fresh air into his teaching. Throughout this section of the play we see Rita rejecting her own previous life and opinions in favour of a more conventionally academic approach to life. Frank and Rita have reversed roles. Frank is obviously devastated by this and the climactic moments of the play come at the point where Rita rejects Frank because she feels he is holding her to a previous version of herself. In the end, Rita comes to reconcile her newfound knowledge with a clearer sense of the world. Frank has been asked to leave the university, a change which we (perhaps vainly) hope will be good for him. Rita comes to tell him that what he has given her is choice: choice in what to do with her life, choice in how to see the world. Themes â€Å"One way of describing Educating Rita would be to say that it was about the meaning of education†¦ Another would be to say that it was about the meaning of life. A third, that it is a cross between Pygmalion and Lucky Jim. A fourth, that it is simply a marvellous play, painfully funny and passionately serious; a hilarious social documentary; a fairy-tale with a quizzical, half-happy ending. † Sunday Times The majority of themes in the play interconnect with one another. Here is a not entirely exhaustive list of some of the main themes in the play. The Limitations of Class Educating Rita was written in the 1980’s in Britain, at a time when many traditional working class occupations were disappearing. Rita’s opinion is that the working class, from which she comes, has lost some of its place at the heart of British society. She talks about the older people she knows who get a certain â€Å"spark† when they talk about being more involved in the struggle to survive that would have been more prevalent in earlier times in Britain. She says that now that everyone has access to housing and other necessities that people have lost their purpose. Rita implies that when a class, which was defined by its work, no longer has work, that a vacuum is created. She claims that the space which was once filled with work is now filled by consumerism and empty pursuits. When her mother says â€Å"we should be singing better songs than these,† she is implying that they should be finding more meaning in their lives. The play is fairly bleak in its portrayal of working class British culture. Willy Russell’s own working class origins softens this a little. It is possible to view this portrayal as a deeply personal one which is informed by Russell’s own experience and channelled through the deeply subjective voice of Rita. That is to say the opinions expressed in the play are part of Rita’s process and not necessarily presented as universal truths. Frank’s class origins are more obscure, but what is clear is that in the present of the play he is firmly a member of the middle class. His own critique of middle class, academic culture are as damning as Rita’s of her own culture, but for the most part they read as a critique of academia as much as the middle class. It is clear that from Rita’s perspective the trappings of middle class culture are desirable, but with Frank as its representative, the middle class doesn’t come off particularly well either. It is clear that in some ways Frank is as trapped by his class and environment as Rita is, maybe more so. Rita talks about a degree of conformity in the people she grew up with which limits people’s ability to transcend their origins, but this can be applied to all levels of society. In Rita’s case, she is expected not to pursue her education, but to get married and have children. She worries that any rejection of this class-based destiny would be hurtful to those around her. She talks about people being proud of their class, but implies that the pride is based on an outmoded way of looking at the world. Rita mostly laments that she is not being given the opportunity to explore her own identity within the class culture that she lives in. Language Language, particularly swearing, and accents are important but subtle elements in the play. Accent In Britain, accents are often an indication of class as well as region. Rita clearly has a working class accent. At the beginning of the play her language is littered with regionally specific phrases which are far from formal. As the play progresses, her language becomes more formal, and her vocabulary changes when she discusses academic matters. Eventually, in the second act she tries to lose her working class accent entirely – this phenomenon reflects real class issues in Britain, where people actually do try to change their accents to sound â€Å"better†. Frank is shocked by this denial of her true identity. When Rita begins to try to integrate her new-found education with her old way of thinking, we see her slip slowly back into a softened version of her old accent. The blending of the old and the new neatly mirrors the balance she finds at the end of the play. Swearing Rita comes into Frank’s office extolling the virtues of swearing. She claims that it is only narrow minded people who don’t see that words are just words. This is one of her first attempts at an intellectual discussion; however, it is clear that Rita’s language when she first meets Frank is entirely inappropriate. Swearing is associated with emotion rather than intellect in both a positive and negative way. Rita’s attempts to cover up her own discomfort at being in a new threatening environment by swearing is inappropriate, but interestingly, Frank, at a few key moments in the play, swears. One such moment is when he hears that Rita’s husband has asked her to leave. At this point the emotion seems largely appropriate. Materialism Rita believes that once, the working class was proud of its blue-collar, hard-working values; now that there isn’t enough work to go around, those values have been replaced by a materialistic culture which numbs people’s sense and keeps them from questioning what’s happening in their world or trying to get ahead in life. These ideas tie into the thematic significance of Howard’s End, the Forrester novel Frank tries to get Rita to read and which she, ironically, calls rubbish. Rita puts her materialistic pursuits aside while she is attempting to acquire knowledge through her course with Frank. She claims she won’t buy any more dresses until she has finished studying. At a certain point she does however, buy some second-hand clothes and we get the feeling that for a time anyway, she has replaced working class materialism with middle-class materialism. She quits her job as a hairdresser, which she complained was superficial, for a job in a bistro. We suspect, despite the change in the quality of the conversation, that this new job is not so meaningful either, but it has the trappings of intellectualism, which Rita mistakenly takes for the point of her pursuit of knowledge. The height of this mistaken view is seen when she tells Frank that she now knows what clothes to wear and what wine to choose and so she no longer needs him. In the end, Rita sees the mistake she has made. Frank presents Rita with a new dress as a symbol that he feels she has indeed become an educated woman who is unlikely to mistake material things for knowledge. The Value of Education/ Culture and Knowledge In general, education and its links to cultural pursuits, such as ballet and poetry and drama, are seen as positive things in the play. The big question of the play, however, is whether academic learning in some way stifles creativity. We watch Rita yearn for knowledge so that she can find new meaning in her life. To be successful at the university, however, she needs to put her passionate responses and independent thinking behind her, and conform to a staid, predictable formula. This, at times, undermines the real point of her quest, and in fact implies that all levels of society are prey to the same ennui On the other side of the class divide we see Frank, who is trapped in the dry world of academia. It is clear he is bored and unsatisfied, but that he is too stuck in his ways to ever leave. He is a failed poet because, in his own self-assessment, he wrote from an intellectual standpoint, not one of passion. This is symbolic of the curse of academics, who, it is suggested, have the power to suck the joy out of art in their pursuit of knowledge and definition. In some ways Frank is on the opposite trajectory from Rita. To be successful, she needs to harness her originality and energy and learn how to conform. Frank, on the other hand, needs to find a way out of the dry, staid life of academia which he is allowing to stifle him. The question becomes whether Rita will suffer this same fate; however, in the end she has found a balance, where she can take what academia has to offer and still maintain her fresh creative look on life. Frank also is on the edge of a new chance. Rita cuts his hair taking â€Å"ten years† off of him at the end of the play and we hope that in his time away from the university maybe he will find some of his passion and creativity again. Choice In the end, the world of the working class is not given precedence over the world of the university; passion does not triumph over reason; youth does not triumph over age. In the end, what triumphs is the ability to choose your own path. Rita says she may go to France for Christmas or maybe she’ll stay home. She may have a baby or she may not. What Frank has given Rita is the ability to choose what direction her life is going to take. For Frank, just knowing Rita has given him the insight that there are choices in the world. By teaching Rita to make choices, he has reminded himself of his own options. He has, despite his desire for passion and art, allowed himself to settle into a predictable life, and a self-destructive path. In the end, he too has learned that he is responsible for his own destiny. Space The play is confined to the staid space of Frank’s office. The office represents the academic world to which Frank belongs. In the first scene Rita cannot get the door open to let herself in, symbolically representing how, because of her upbringing, access to the university is difficult. Later in the play she cannot get the window open to let in the fresh air, and we symbolically see how stuck in his dusty world of old ideas Frank is. In all the scenes but one Frank is already in the office as if he is permanently ensconced in this world. In most of the scenes Rita enters the room like a whirlwind bringing with her passion and enthusiasm. The two main exceptions to this are telling. At the point at which Rita has rejected Frank as no longer useful to her on her journey, she is already in the office, symbolizing her success within the university setting. In contrast to all the other scenes, Frank is the one who cannot get through the door and when he does, he is drunk and belligerent showing his slipping grasp on things. In the final scene we see Frank slowly packing up his books which both symbolize his learning, but also have acted as a screen behind which he hides his drinking. We cannot but hope that when he leaves this room he will be given a chance to find the same kind of passion and enthusiasm outside of it, that Rita has brought to it. Questions 1. What differences are there between Frank and Rita in terms of class? . Why does Rita say she wants to go to university? 3. What does Rita mostly want to talk about for the first half of the play? What does this indicate about her commitment and understanding of what a university education is? 4. Does Frank want to help Rita get the education she wants? Why or why not? 5. What do you think it means when Rita says her mother tells her â€Å"we should be singing better songs than th ese†? 6. What change occurs at the end of the first act of the play? 7. Is Frank pleased about how successful Rita is, throughout Act Two, in her academic endeavours? Why or why not? 8. Why does Rita attempt to change her accent? What does this symbolize about what she is trying to do with her life? 9. Why does Frank say to Rita â€Å"You haven’t learnt better songs, just different ones. †? 10. How is Frank changed by his interactions with Rita? How is she changed by him? 11. What do you think the haircut at the end of the play symbolizes? Activities Watch My Fair Lady. Compare such things as depictions of class, language, gender. Read Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw. Ask students to compare Shaw’s message with the message of Educating Rita. Read Earl Shorris’ â€Å"On the uses of a liberal education: As a weapon in the hands of the restless poor† from Harper’s (Sept. 1997) pgs 50-60 (available on the internet). Compare Shorris’ conclusions about the value of a liberal education with Rita’s evaluation of the importance of education. Ask students to write a brief essay about a teacher who has had an impact on them. Compare their experiences with the experiences of Rita in the play. Compare Educating Rita to one of the following movies about teachers and education. Most movies about this kind of relationship are about a teacher who enters the world of the students and inspires them (upper class kids in Dead Poet’s; working class kids in the other examples. It might be interesting to look at how in Educating Rita, Rita comes to the teacher and liberates him as much as he liberates her. Dead Poet’s Society To Sir, With Love Stand and Deliver Dangerous Minds (There are many other examples of this sort of film about an inspirational teacher who opens doors of opportunity and understanding for his or her students, which would be entirely suitable for this kind of comparison. Ask students to do some research on the links between class and education as a way towards discussing some of the things Rita says about her working class background. Study class conflict in the 1970’s -1980’s in Britain to get a deeper understanding of some of the issues Rita hints at when she discusses the world she grew up in. Discuss whether study ing art too closely takes the joy out of it, or whether we sometimes have to study art to truly appreciate it. Using the attached model (appendix 1) as an example, ask students to create an idea map.

Analyse the reasons for separatism Essay Example

Analyse the reasons for separatism Essay Example Analyse the reasons for separatism Essay Analyse the reasons for separatism Essay Analyses the reasons for separatism within and/or across national boundaries and discuss its consequences Separatism can be defined where within a country, an ethnic group, religion, or regional group tries to gain more autonomy from a central government which can lead to the push for Independence from the mall country. An example of this Is where South Sudan split off from main Sudan following a referendum which 98. 83% of Sudanese voted for its independence. Separatism can occur for many reasons, this may be due to oppression of a minority group (egg. He Kurds), the feeling of being too Raphael to the main country to receive economic or political benefits (egg. Scotland in the United Kingdom) or even historical allegiances can occur (egg. Eastern Ukraine returning to Russia). Separatism can lead to call unrest such as violent protests, or In severe cases call war but separatism can soul ultimately have positive outcomes. Ukraine gained its independence from Russia in 1991 but ever since there has always been allegiances to Russia from within Ukraine and notably Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. Situations within Ukraine spiraled out of control at the hands of former President Victor Hancock. Victor declined to make European Union association agreements so that Ukraine would secure greater ties with Europe. Instead he proposed that Ukraine would verge more towards ties with the Russian Federation, subsequently this culminated into protests in Kiev by the pro-European union group Remained leading to the Presidents ousting in February 2014. This Is where separatism manifested in Eastern Ukraine and Crimea because pro-Russian groups opposed Hunchbacks ousting from presidency. Its easy to assume that the proportion of Ukrainians In favor of pro-Russian ties Is quite minimal If Ukraine was joking to leave behind Its Soviet past but within Crimea, Donates, and Lunches over 50% of their population indemnify Russia as their main language and Donates is the largest blast (region) by population in the country showing that there is plenty of support for pro-Russian separatism within Ukraine. The protests in Southeastern Ukraine had the consequences of leading to Crimes annexation to Russia and armed Insurgency in Lunches and Donates which has further caused armed conflict between the pro-Russian separatists and the Ukrainian government. Separatism In he Ukraine has had a devastating effect on the Southeastern portion of the country and is expected to plunge Ukrainian economy by 8% for 2014. The violence within Ukraine has therefore crippled its infrastructure and economy and the subsequent loss of Donates and Lunches will also have a significant blow on Ukrainian mining industry. If Donates and Lunches become independent states but reliant on the Russian Federation, there will also be the Issue of covering the costs of the damage, Ana ensuring ten welfare AT people Tolling ten armed conflict. For Don sloes, ten earring outcome is quite negative in the short-term but in the long term it will ensure that there is no longer any ethnically or ideological divide within Ukraine but violence is still unnecessary in the drive for separatism. There is also a major example of a peaceful separatist movement and this one which is very close to home. Scotland recently had its referendum over whether it should secure independence and 55% of voters voted in favor of no but that 45% suggests that an overwhelming amount of Scottish people were seeking independence from the United Kingdom. This may have been inspired by patriotic reasons or driving by Scottish National Party leader Alex Salmons who led the independence campaign in the first place. Let us say for example that Scotland had become independent, what would that mean for Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom? Wales identifies with its rich but dwindling language and if the outcomes are positive for Scotland it may want to seek independence for its own, which in turn could lead to the full breakup of the United Kingdom. The loss of Scotland could also lead to the loss of North Sea oil reserves, however if divided by population in England and Scotland, Scotland would only receive 10% of that oil and lose out in the long run. There is also the issue of Scotland needing to rejoin the European Union which could cause it to lose the currency of the Pound and replace this with Euro if formally requested by the EX. but if a country such as Greece which also uses the Euro enters into another money crisis then this could devalue the Euro and in turn effect Scotland economy. Scotland would of course be allowed to establish its own laws and Scotland may come a more desirable place to study with lower tuition fees and in fact since tuition fees were increased to EYE three years ago, students south of Scotland have bills totaling up to EYE billion, where as Scottish students have altogether saved up to El billion in bills. In reality there have been positive outcomes after the referendum had occurred and this is because David Cameron has called for greater recognition of Scottish people in the United Kingdom which could result in greater power from within Scotland capital Edinburgh and largest city Glasgow. Separatism may come from an oppressed minority group. The Kurds do not have a country of their own and a majority of them live in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, where up to 15 million Kurds live in Turkey, which is 25% of the population. Kurds are systematically abused in Turkey despite a zero-tolerance policy from the government and Kurdish separatism is also silenced in Turkish media. The proposal for a nation for the Kurds Sardinian will especially take out large chunks of Turkish and Iraqi land which would most likely cause both countries to deny Kurdish independence from occurring. This is even more difficult since the PACK (Kurdish Workers Party) was formed and is trying to establish a communist Sardinian which would isolate the country in a more right-wing political environment. The push for independence has seen advancements in the Kurdish cause as Iraq has given more autonomy to the Kurds however since they were given more autonomy in Iraq in 1970, Sad Hussein caused the genocide of 182,000 Kurds in 1988 which led to a greater push for independence and a great resentment of what happened. Looking forward to a retirement was Ella n DAY Iraq Ana tans was In conjunction wilt winter an independent Sardinian should be established and despite a majority vote, an independent state never materialized. Another referendum is to be held late this year and it is suggested that Turkey would recognize an independent Kurdish state, implying that if Sardinian became independent then perhaps Turkey would give the Kurds more autonomy. Separatism has the ultimate goal of giving a region within a country its independence but it can result in a multiple amount of outcomes. The example of the Ukraine shows that violence in separatism can ultimately damage a countrys infrastructure ND economy whilst leaving regions such Donates and Lunches in turmoil. The example of Scotland shows that holding a referendum over independence can cause central government in London to step up and give Scotland more power which is very positive for the countrys future. Whilst the example of Sardinian shows that oppression can ultimately lead a minority group onto not Just pushing for autonomy but for an independent state. Separatism must be assertive to work and must challenge a central government if it is to also work but taking a violent approach will lead to negative outcomes for both sides.

Crito Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crito Plato - Essay Example He knew that the only way of making better amends was by making peace with himself rather than keep on running yet he was already past seventy years. He opined that the best thing for Crito was not to follow or care about the opinions of the many but to adhere to the law. Crito adamantly believes that the opinion of the many has led to the evils of the world, and the way Socrates was treated was a show enough that they were lost of good opinion (Ibid. 51). Agreeably, Socrates seems to think more about what will happen to him and his friends who are willing to risk their lives to have him get out jail. I believe that the best thing as Socrates notes is the adherence to the law. This is something that many do not agree with because corruption has infiltrated many authoritative figures, and the best way of making sure that justice is not served is by offering a little money to achieve personal goals. This also fails to achieve the notable aspects of the society that could allow the world to make better changes and allow the rule of law to take more precedence in dealing with issues within the society. The reflection given by Socrates against Crito is that the wise will always make peace within and not fear what the majority think or feel. They will do anything that is within the law even it if is unjust and may lead to death. Socrates holds on morals that Crito seems to question, but agrees that Socrates is truthful in many of the issues discussed. Socrates wisely listens to what Crito has to say and makes choices based on his volition. He sees the plot as very tempting, but also recognizes the fact that the greater the zeal, the greater the danger (Ibid. 53). He knows that if the plan backfires, many more will be put to hang, and that would make lesser sense. He knows that his mistakes should not be placed on a platform that frightens the rest of the society but which define the fairest way of

Modern culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Modern culture - Essay Example Sennet (1999, p. 146) describes the flexible capitalism as more personal rather than general. The modern economy has resulted into a new form of capitalism in which the business organization only cares about the strategic direction to take. Sennet (1999, p.145-146) describes such organizations as having powers to let go. The new capitalism is a sociological danger to the employees of the different companies of the world. It has not only made modern work illegible and modern employees ‘precarious workers’ but also resulted into flexibility that has destroyed the societal foundations of the different communities of the world. The modern economy therefore has everything to do with the troubles and difficulties faced by the different employees in the different work places today. The American workers have to therefore match the computers in terms of efficiency, speed, accuracy and even productivity or else they will all be laid off in future. Sennett (1999, p. 74-75) argues that the introduction of computers and computer integrated systems in the different machines has highly simplified and reduced the tasks of the employees. The workers no longer toil to get things done; everything gets done by just ‘a press of a button’ (Broekens, 2009, p. 94-103). As much as it is an advantage to the employees, it is a great problem. Employees have found a way of evading the hard tasks (Sennett, 1999, p. 72). They eventually end up staying for quite a long time without performing certain tasks and slowly by slowly their skills deplete. What happens when the machines break down or experience malfunctions? Sennett (1999, 72-73) articulates a similar scenario when the dough-kneading machine broke down in the bakery firm. The production activities came to a stand-still since the workers hundred percent depended on the machine make dough. The workers never even possessed the simple engineering skills of repairing the machine ( Sennett, 1999, p. 73). Redundancy and

Theories Definition Essay Example for Free

Theories Definition Essay This essay discusses theory in a general perspective and some related concepts underpinning it. Kuhn is also presented as an example of an alternative theorist. Theories, according to Littlejohn (1992) are abstractions or frameworks for speculating, interpreting, guessing, understanding, evaluating, rationalizing, explaining or predicting complexity of phenomena, events, ideas, mathematical or logical discussions, human relations, and communication through observation and critical thinking. The basic elements of theories are (1) concepts, which are usually categorized, and (2) explanation, which identifies patterns in the relationships among variables and can be casual or practical. Theory, in a traditional perspective, is based on the premise of â€Å"knowledge as discovery†. It is modeled on the experimental natural sciences through hypothetico-deductive method that includes four processes: (1) developing questions, (2) forming hypotheses, (3) testing the hypotheses, and (4) formulating theory. This method can be done through variable analysis and it is based on the concepts of hypothesis, operationism, control and manipulation, covering laws, and prediction. Littlejohn cites Robyn Penman in describing alternative paradigm through the following five tenets: (1) Action is voluntary. (2) Knowledge is created socially. (3) Theories are historical. (4) Theories affect the reality they are covering. (5) Theories are value laden. The concept of metatheory is used in discussing the criticisms of the work of Kuhn because it describes and explains the similarities and differences among theories. The critics of Kuhn have also their own set of ideas or theories in explaining why Kuhn’s ideas are not accepted. Metatheory issues are grouped into three Major themes – epistemology (questions of knowledge), ontology (questions of existence), and axiology (questions of value). Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1992-1996), an American natural scientist and contemporary philosopher who contributed in the evolution of science principles, has contributed much in the history of and issues on science, culture, and policy in the academic, political, and business fields. Kuhn’s SSR provides his antithetical views in the philosophy of science in which, like Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, Kuhn emphasized the role and nature of â€Å"rationality† in the processes of science. Kuhn contends that â€Å"science operates as a social structure rather than as an impersonal entity advancing toward epistemological commitment† (Mackie, 1998, p. 25). He contradicts the concept of logical positivism which states that scientists choose between competing theories in a purely rational fashion (Philosophy of Science, 2004). Like William Whewell, Kuhn denies the overly systematic approach to science or the scientific method as the framework for inquiry (Prosise, Miller, Mills, 1996; Mackie, 1998; Roberts, 2000; Nickles, 2003). In SSR, Kuhn presented issues on the nature of and the role of community in scientific development. Thus, paradigm depends on the community to which a practitioner belongs (Roberts, 2000). He interprets the history of science based on the development of â€Å"paradigms,† which are not just simple theories but also â€Å"accepted examples of actual scientific practice [that] provide models from which spring particular coherent traditions of scientific research† (Kuhn 1970, 4, 10). Paradigms provide new information about the world and people’s behavior (Swirski, 1996; Mackie, 1998; Roberts, 2000). Kuhn argues that scientific thought advances through intellectually violent revolutions (Copulos, 2001). This asserts Kuhn’s statement the evolution of science is characterized by alternating periods of â€Å"normal† and â€Å"revolutionary† scientific activity, with the periods of normal science being far more common (Mackie, 1998, p. 27). For instance, a paradigm shift can be seen in the practice of medicine since alternative medicine has been discovered to be also a promising way of treating diseases but it remains a controversy (Copulos, 2001). It appears that the paradigm cannot be fully developed and evaluated solely in a rational manner based on the verification of facts. This approach impacts on the philosophy of science since it is accepted that a paradigm becomes a prerequisite to â€Å"understanding why revolutionary science occurs and why periods of normal science persist† (Mackie, 1998, p. 28). Kuhn is criticized in his vision of scientific revolution which was seen as maligned for its seemingly inconclusive historical perspective; his description of normal science because it implicitly redefined scientific activity; and his ambiguous usage of the term â€Å"paradigm† in different ways (Mackie, 1998). Specifically, Israel Scheffler (1967) argued that Kuhn is a radical irrationalist, subjectivist, irrealist, and relativist because he denies that science provides the basis for objective truth about reality at the perceptual-phenomenal level. Nickles (2003) adds that: â€Å"†¦Kuhn as a principal source of postmodern relativism and of culture-theoretical treatments of science generally†¦Other critics view Kuhn as intellectually conservative in important ways. ..Kuhn differed rather little from the logical positivists on crucial issues, especially assumptions about language and meaning. †¦Kuhns work is also politically conservative and elitist, so much so that, owing to its great influence, it has destroyed any attempt to develop a more democratic science policy for the foreseeable future† (p. 3). Despite the criticisms he received, Kuhn was able to defend his theories by defining his terms more carefully. His second edition of SSR (1970) made amendments and used â€Å"disciplinary matrix† to substitute for â€Å"paradigm† (Mackie, 1998). In the third edition of SSR, Kuhn denied the accusation of relativism and he further clarified his views to avoid misinterpretation (Dyson, 1999). The changes made by Kuhn in SSR shows development from ambiguity to a clearer explanation. As Littlejohn (1992) notes, theories are constantly evolving and they need to be mastered. As an alternative-paradigm theorist, Kuhn did the process of â€Å"fine-tuning interpretive framework for understanding the flow of events† (p. 25). Although Kuhn was criticized for his theories in his SSR, it is undeniable that his theories played significant role in describing, although not accurately, the development of science principles. Kuhn’s theory focused on rational assessment of ideas and it suits disciplines outside normal science because it is irrelevant to philosophy of science but is significant in the analysis of human behavior. References â€Å"Philosophy of Science.† (2004). The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition. New York: Columbia University Press. Dyson, F. (1999). The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions. Oxford University Press, Inc.. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Littlejohn, S. (1992). Chapter 2: Theory in the process of inquiry, Theories of Human Communication. Wadsworth Publishing Co, 25. Mackie, C. D. (1998). Canonizing Economic Theory: How Theories and Ideas Are Selected in Economics. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Milton R. Copulos, (November 12, 2001). A Shift in Thinking about Medicine. Insight on the News 17(42), 46. Nickles, T. (ed.) (2003). Thomas Kuhn. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Prosise, T. O., Miller, Greg R., Mills, Jordan P. (1996). Argument Fields as Arenas of Discursive Struggle: Argument Fields and Pierre Bourdieus Theory of Social Practice. Argumentation and Advocacy 32(3), 111+. Roberts, L. J. (2000). Thomas Kuhns the Structure of Scientific Revolutions. ETC.: A Review of General Semantics, 57(1), 59. Swirski, P. (1996). Game Theory in the Third Pentagon: A Study in Strategy and Rationality. Criticism 38(2), 303+.